Basic Ingredients of Photography

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-1040) invented the camera obscura (pic1) and pinhole camera (pic2)

Long before the first photograph were ever made. The camera obscura means “dark room”, uses  pinhole in a window blind to form an inverted image of an outside scene . Then in 1568 Daniel Barbaro describe the replacement of the lens.

“Camera Obscura” means “dark room”, and the use of a pinhole in a window blind to form an inverted image of an outside scene on an opposite wall of a dark room has been known since at least the time of the Arab scholar Ibn al Hait[h]em (or Alhazen, ca. 956-1038). The replacement of the pinhole with a converging lens was first described by the Venetian, Daniel Barbaro, in 1568. He suggested that the image would be improved by covering it with a disk having a small hole in the center, a very early reference to stopping down a lens to increase the depth of focus. However the pinhole camera is described as a very simple camera with no lens it’s a light-proof box with a single hole in one side were the light passes through and project an inverted image on the opposite side of the box.(pic3)

pic1

pic2

pic3

pic4

These early cameras did not record an image, but only projected images(pic4) the first permanent photographs was began in the 1820’s

Exposure

‘Exposure’ simply means the amount of light allowed to falls onto the film/shot. But now in modern time digital cameras has this CCD.

three elements of exposure

There are tree elements when using or playing with the exposure as u can see the image on the left side.

The ISO the measure of a digital camera sensor’s sensitivity to light, Shutter Speed the amount of time that the shutter is open and the aperture which is the size of the opening in the lens when a picture is taken.

If one element is change or adjusted the other elements will also change or be adjusted

In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a photograph. Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance over a specified area.

Exposure Compensation

+/- 2 EV in 1/3 EV steps

What is exposure compensation shown on this figure, this means that you can adjust the light that is entering the camera. You allow more light in (positive exposure compensation) or reduce the light that enters (negative exposure compensation).

Exposure can be measured by the light meter and manually you can adjust the light exposure by switching the camera to Manual mode.

Depending on the camera when you deal with exposure compensation, it may adjust the aperture while the shutter maintain its constant speed; or vice versa it can adjust the speed of the shutter while maintaining the aperture constant; or both may be adjusted aperture and shutter.

Camera Metered Exposure
F1.8	F2.8	F4	F5.6	F8
1/500	1/250	1/125	1/60	1/30

So, let’s say that the light meter measures a shutter speed of 1/125 sec. and aperture of F4.0.

+1EV Exposure Compensation
F1.8	F2.8	F4	F5.6	F8
1/500	1/250	1/125	1/60	1/30

When I dial in a +1EV exposure compensation, the meter opens up the aperture by 1 f-stop to F2.8, while still maintaining a shutter speed of 1/125 sec. This figure shows and overexposure.

-1EV Exposure Compensation
F1.8	F2.8	F4	F5.6	F8
1/500	1/250	1/125	1/60	1/30

If I dial in-1EV exposure compensation, the meter closes down the aperture by 1 f-stop to F5.6, while maintaining the same 1/125 sec. shutter speed. This figure is underexposure.

These figures show how adjusting the aperture and maintaining the shutter speed are affecting exposure compensation. You can change these exposures by manually adjusting your camera, changing the exposure depends on how you want your picture to show.

RULE OF THIRDS

One of the most popular ‘rules’ in photography is the Rule of Thirds. It is also popular amongst artists. It works like this:
Imaginary lines are drawn dividing the image into thirds both horizontally and vertically. You place important elements of your composition where these lines intersect.

The photograph to the right demonstrates the application of the rule of thirds. The horizon sits at the horizontal line dividing the lower third of the photo from the upper two-thirds. The application of the rule of thirds to photographs is considered by many to make them more aesthetically pleasing and professional-looking. The rule of thirds can be applied by lining up subjects with the guiding lines, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line instead of the center, or allowing linear features in the photograph to flow from section to section.

This are the Rules

Rule of Third - Portrait

Rule of Third Apple

Composition - Rule of Thirds